Malayalam literature Wikipedia.Malayalam literature comprises those literary texts written in Malayalam, a South Dravidian language spoken in the Indian state of Kerala.The earliest known extant literary work in Malayalam is Ramacharitam, an epic poem written by Cheeraman in the late 1.In the subsequent centuries, besides a popular pattu song literature, the manipravalam poetry also flourished.Manipravalam translates ruby coral style mainly consisted of poetry in an admixture of Malayalam and Sanskrit.Then came works such as champus and sandeshakavyas in which prose and poetry were interspersed.Later, poets like Cherusseri introduced poems on devotional themes.There were also other important works, similar to manipravalam, in Arabi Malayalam like Muhyadheen Mala.Ezhuthachan, a strong proponent of Bhakti movement, is known as the father of Malayalam.His poems are classified under the genre of kilippattu.Modern literary movements in Malayalam literature began in the late 1.Modern Triumvirate consisting of Kumaran Asan,3Ulloor S.Parameswara Iyer4 and Vallathol Narayana Menon.Kumaran Asan was temperamentally a pessimista disposition reinforced by his metaphysicsyet all his life was active in promoting his downtrodden Hindu Ezhava community.Ullor wrote in the classical tradition, on the basis of which he appealed for universal love, while Vallathol responded to the human significance of social progress.Contemporary Malayalam poetry records the encounter with problems of social, political, and economic life.Why Economictimes QnA Ask.Learn. Share. Here you can Ask a question, Answer a question or even Debate an answer.It is the place to exchange knowledge nuggets with a.Eaadhar card, aadhar card update, download by name and date of birth, get aadhar, online registration, address change.The tendency of the modern poetry is often regarded as toward political radicalism.Early literatureeditFor the first 6.Malayalam calendar, Malayalam literature remained in a preliminary stage.During this time, Malayalam literature consisted mainly of various genres of songs Pattu.The most prominent among these were songs praising the goddesses of the land, ballads of brave warriors, songs related to the work of a particular caste and songs intended just for entertainment.Bhadrakali pattu, thottam pattu,Mappila pattu, mavaratham pattu, sasthanga pattu, nizhalkoothu pattu, sarpa pattu, sastham pattu, thiyyattu pattu, pulluvar pattu, mannar pattu, panar pattu, krishi pattu, thamburan pattu, pada pattu, villadichan pattu, onappattu, kummi and lullaby were some of the major subgenres.These names were not used historically, but are used in modern times to describe the song genres of that time.RamacharithameditRamacharitham is a collection of poems written at the end of the preliminary stage in Malayalam literatures evolution.It is the oldest Malayalam book available.Caste Validity Form Download In Marathi Language' title='Caste Validity Form Download In Marathi Language' />The collection has 1,8.Ramacharitham mainly consists of stories from the Yuddha Kanda of the Ramayana.It was written by a poet with the pen name Cheeramakavi who, according to poet Ulloor S Parameswara Iyer, was Sree Veerarama Varman, a king of Travancore from AD 1.Other experts, like Dr.K. M. George and P.V. Krishnan Nair, claim that the origins of the book can be found in north Kerala. Torrent U Design Wordpress Theme . They cite the use of certain words in the book and also the fact that the manuscript of the book was recovered from Neeleshwaram in north Kerala.Some experts consider it a Tamil literary piece.A. R. Rajaraja Varma, who heavily contributed to the development of Malayalam grammar, is of the opinion that Malayalam originated from ancient Tamil.Ramacharitham is considered a book written during the formative years of Malayalam.According to Rev.Dr. Hermann Gundert, who compiled the first dictionary of the Malayalam language, Ramacharitham shows the ancient style of the Malayalam language.ManipravalameditWhile the Pattu school flourished among certain sections of the society, the literature of the elite was composed in the curious mixture of Sanskrit and Malayalam which is referred to as Manipravalam, mani meaning ruby Malayalam and pravalam meaning coral Sanskrit.Caste Validity Form Download In Marathi Language' title='Caste Validity Form Download In Marathi Language' />Lilathilakam, a work on grammar and rhetoric, written in the last quarter of the 1.Manipravalam and Pattu as poetic forms.It lays special emphasis on the types of words that blend harmoniously.It points out that the rules of Sanskrit prosody should be followed in Manipravalam poetry.This particular school of poetry was patronised by the upper classes, especially the Nambudiris.It is also to be remembered that the composition of this dialect also reflects the way Aryan and Dravidian cultures were moving towards a synthesis.Dramatic performances given in Koothambalams, known by the names of Koothu and Koodiyattom, often used Sanskrit and Malayalam.In Koodiyattom, the clown vidooshaka is allowed to use Malayalam while the hero recites slokas in Sanskrit.Tholan, a legendary court poet in the period of the Kulasekhara kings, is believed to have started this practice.The earliest of these works in the Manipravalam school is Vaisika Tantram written in the 1.It contains about 2.Sanskrit metres and is in the form of professional advice given to a prostitute or courtesan by her mother.Each quatran is composed with care and due weight is given to the rules of rhetoric.Several quatrains of this type are quoted in Lilathilakam by way of illustration for the several rules of grammar and rhetoric.The most representative of the early Manipravalam works are the tales of courtesans Achi Charitams and the Message Poems Sandesa Kavyas.Unniyachi Charitam, Unnichiruthevi Charitam and Unniyadi Charitam are examples of the former type which is known by the name champu.The Padya verse portion is in Sanskrit metres and the Gadya prose portion is mostly in Dravidian metres.Authorship of Unniyachi Charitam and Unnichiruthevi Charitam is not known and only a portion of the works is now available.Unniyadi Charitam, which also exists in a fragmented form, is supposed to be written by Damodara Chakkiar.The Sandesa Kavyas are an important poetic genre in Sanskrit, and on the model of Kalidasas Meghadta and Lakshmidasas Sukasandesa, a number of message poems came to be written first in Manipravalam and later in pure Malayalam.The best known among these sandesas is perhaps Unnuneeli Sandesam written in the 1.The poem is written under the pen name Amruthanilakshi, and some believe that it was written in 1.CE. The exact identity of the author remains a mystery, but it is widely believed that one of the members of the Travancore Royal Family wrote it.The next work to be mentioned is Ramakathapattu, as it is popularly known, though the author calls it Ramayanakavyam.The author is Ayyappilli Asan who lived sometime about 1.CE at Auvatutura near Kovalam and whom P.K. Narayana Pillai, who discovered the full text of the book in 1.Homer of Malayalam.Ramakathapattu contains 3.Vrittas or parts.Niranam poetseditWhile the Manipravala poetry flourished as a diversion from the mainstream, the tradition set up by Cheeraman of Ramacharitamand the more enlightened among the anonymous folk poets was resumed and replenished by three writers commonly referred to as Niranam poets, being Madhava Panikkar, Sankara Panikkar and Rama Panikkar.They were influenced by the Bhakti movement.The Bhakti school was thus revived, and in the place of the excessive sensuality and eroticism of the Manipravalam poets, the seriousness of the poetic vocation was reasserted by them.It is believed that they all belonged to the same Kannassa family and that Madhava Panikkar and Sankara Panikkar were the uncles of Rama Panikkar, the youngest of the three.Their most important work is Kannasa Ramayanam which is an important link between Ramacharitam, Ramakathapattu and Ezhuthachans Adhyathmaramayanam.Ulloor has said that Rama Panikkar holds the same position in Malayalam literature that Edmund Spenser has in English literature.Later Champus and KrishnagathaeditThe 1.CE saw two paralleled movements in Malayalam literature one spearheaded by the Manipravalam works, especially the Champus, and the other emanating from the Pattu school and adumbrated in Cherusseris magnum opus, Krishnagatha Song of Krishna.The language of the later Champus reads more like modern Malayalam than that of the earlier Champus and Sandesa Kavyas.Champus were mostly works of satire and hyperbole was a regular feature of it.The greatest Champus of the 1.Punam Nambudiris Ramayanam which uses Puranic themes and episodes unlike the 1.Champus which were tales of the courtesans.Punam also wrote a Bharatam Champoo.
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